This book explores recent advances in heavy metal contamination research in a global context, and focusses on the role of recent technologies like recombinant bioremediation, phytoremediation, DNA technology and nanotechnology to provide sustainable managing strategies to mitigate adverse environmental and health impacts. Many heavy metals are used in industrial and commercial sectors, including iron, zinc, tin, lead, copper, tungsten, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, thallium, and lead, which, when disposed in the natural environment, lead to serious threats to ecological balance in biotic systems and threaten vulnerable human populations. Currently, global scientific communities are very worried about the detrimental health effects of these heavy metals and their adverse effects on almost all biological systems. Scientific research has recorded some alarming adverse impacts of heavy metals on biota like carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, teratogenesis, allergic interactions, endocrine-disruption, bone marrow damage, osteoporosis. and immune system damage. This book is therefore timely, and will be of interest to researchers, students professors, and policymakers examining toxic heavy metals in the environment and their adverse health impacts.