This special volume is part 2 of a mini-series on, “Materials Manufacturing Science and Technology XII”. It covers three topics: Modern design theory & methodology, MEMS & nanotechnology, Materials science & technology in manufacturing. Presented here is a collection of 125 papers selected from over 510 papers originally submitted by universities and industrial concerns all over the world. All of the papers have been peer-reviewed. The papers selected for this volume were chosen on the basis of their quality and their relevance to the topic. This work reflects the latest developments in this field; running the gamut from fundamentals to new techniques and applications.