They found that the measurement of the size of the immigrant population, the sample chosen, and the formal educational attainment of the native-born workers, all affect the estimation of the impact of immigrants on native-born migration. [...] The at-risk population for out-migration is the CMA population at the beginning of the period, while the at-risk population for in-migration is the population of the rest of the country at the beginning of the period. [...] In terms of economic restructuring, common to the three cities, the overall increase in the share of quaternary occupations in the labour force was much slower in the 1990s than in the 1980s. [...] Interestingly, the largest five-year increase in the share of quaternary occupations in the labour force occurred in the 1976-1981 period in Vancouver, in the 1981-1986 period in Montreal, and in the 1986-1991 period in Toronto. [...] In regard to variations in housing price, Toronto experienced a steady increase in average prices from the end of the 1970s to the mid-1980s, a boom in the end of 1980s, a fall back in the early 1990s, and a slow recovery by the end of 1990s.