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4.3 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5 Carbon-based Nanomaterials Enhanced Selectivity and Sensitivity Toward PTS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Complexes -- 5.2.1 Plasma-modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes -- 5.2.1.1 O2-plasma-oxidized Carbon Nanotubes -- 5.2.1.2 NH3-plasma-treated Carbon Nanotubes -- 5.2.2 Inorganic Functionalization -- 5.2.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles Functionalized CNTs -- 5.2.2.2 Metal Oxides Nanoparticles Functionalized CNTs -- 5.2.3 Organic Functionalization -- 5.2.3.1 Small Organic Molecules -- 5.2.3.2 Polymers -- 5.2.3.3 DNA -- 5.2.3.4 Proteins and Enzymes -- 5.3 Graphene and Its Complexes -- 5.3.1 Inorganic Functionalization -- 5.3.1.1 Metal -- 5.3.1.2 Metal Oxides Nanoparticles Functionalized Graphene -- 5.3.1.3 Other Inorganic Functionalization -- 5.3.2 Organic Molecules-graphene Nanocomposites -- 5.3.2.1 Small Molecules Containing Special Groups -- 5.3.2.2 Polymer Functionalized Graphene -- 5.4 Carbonaceous Nanospheres (CNSs) and Their Complexes -- 5.4.1 Polypyrrole/Carbonaceous Nanospheres -- 5.4.2 Amino Functionalized Carbon Microspheres -- 5.4.3 Hydroxylation/Carbonylation Carbonaceous Microsphere -- 5.4.3.1 Lead(II) Detection -- 5.5 Others -- 5.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6 Facet and Phase-dependent Electroanalysis Performance of Nanocrystals in PTS Monitoring: Demonstrated by Density Functional Theory X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Facet-dependent Electroanalysis Performance -- 6.2.1 High Reactive Surface of SnO2 Nanosheets for Electrochemical Sensing -- 6.2.1.1 Morphologic and Structure Characterization of Ultrathin SnO2 Nanosheets -- 6.2.1.2 Electrochemical Detection of As(III) -- 6.2.1.3 Possible Mechanism Based on Adsorption -- 6.2.2 Cu2O Microcrystals for Detecting Lead Ions -- 6.2.2.1 Morphology and Structure