Author Description

It has become common over the last 25 years to formulate general ethical standards for management of public administration, not only in developing countries, but in most western democratic societies too. Standards of ethical conduct currently exist for public managers in USA, England, New Zealand, Canada, Australia5, and a number of other countries6. They apply to members of the civil service on the basis of professional merits (meritocracy) as well as to public officials on the basis of their political appointment (politocracy).