This book is structured in two major parts: the Modern Period and the Contemporary Period. The former (1840–1949) explores the interaction and integration of Chinese and Western educational ideas, with chapters dedicated to key trends. The latter (1949–2010) traces the evolution of educational thought through distinct historical stages. The overarching theme is China’s educational modernization as a contested, adaptive process—shaped by efforts to reconcile traditional values with global ideas, address national crises, and meet the needs of diverse populations. In the modern era, it focuses on how educators sought to “save the nation through education”, debating whether reform or revolution was the path forward. In the contemporary era, it explores how education served socialist nation-building, navigated political upheavals, and evolved to support economic development and global integration. This volume is an indispensable resource for anyone seeking to understand China’s educational past and its implications for global education discourse. It is more than a history of Chinese education—it is a study of how a nation’s intellectual and educational journey reflects its quest for prosperity, equity, and cultural continuity. It invites readers to rethink assumptions about “modern” education and appreciate the complexity of educational reform in a rapidly changing society.