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On September 30, 1938, all Jewish doctors were deprived of their license to practice medicine. Nonetheless, remaining Jews had to be medically treated when they became ill, mainly because they needed the labor of Jewish forced laborers. Because of the ban on contact between "Aryans" and "non-Aryans" as well as the fear of a risk of infection, the National Socialists created the nurse: With such a special permit, former Jewish doctors from now on provided Jewish patients.For the first time, information on 369 healthcare providers in Berlin was compiled for this study. All these helpers in great need were at a dangerous time an important support for sick or injured Jews; but they also became involved in ethical dilemmas, for example because they were involved in the deportation process.