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CHAPTER I-THE CLOSE OF THE THEBAN EMPIRE-(continued) Ramses III.: Manners and Customs-Population-The predominance of Amon and his high priests. Opposite the Thebes of the living, Khafitnibus, the Thebes of the dead, had gone on increasing in a remarkably rapid manner. It continued to extend in the south-western direction from the heroic period of the XVIIIth dynasty onwards, and all the eminence and valleys were gradually appropriated one after the other for burying-places. At the time of which I am speaking, this region formed an actual town, or rather a chain of villages, each of which was grouped round some building constructed by one or other of the Pharaohs as a funerary chapel. Towards the north, opposite Karnak, they clustered at Drah-abu'l-Neggah around pyramids of the first Theban monarchs, at Qurneh around the mausolae of Ramses I. and Seti I., and at Sheikh Abd el-Qurneh they lay near the Amenopheum and the Pamonkaniqimit, or Ramesseum built by Ramses II. Towards the south they diminished in number, tombs and monuments becoming fewer and appearing at wider intervals; the Migdol of Ramses III. formed an isolated suburb, that of Azamit, at Medinet-Habu; the chapel of Isis, constructed by Amenothes, son of Hapu, formed a rallying-point for the huts of the hamlet of Karka;* and in the far distance, in a wild gorge at the extreme limit of human habitations, the queens of the Ramesside line slept their last sleep. * The village of Karka or Kaka was identified by Brugschwith the hamlet of Deir el-Medineh: the founder of thetemple was none other than Amenothes, who was minister underAmenothes III. Each of these temples had around it its enclosing wall of dried brick, and the collection of buildings within this boundary formed the Khiru, or retreat of some one of the Theban Pharaohs, which, in the official language of the time, was designated the "august Khiru of millions of years." Drawn by Boudier, from a photograph by Beato. A sort of fortified structure, which