Author Description

To assist U.S. manufacturers, exporters and individuals living or traveling abroad, this publication lists the characteristics of electric current avail-able and the type of attachment plugs used in most countries. It is an update of a similar handbook published in 1991. The tables indicate the type of current (alternating or direct current), number of phases, frequency (hertz), and voltage, as well as the stability of the frequency and the number of wires to a commercial or residential installation. This information pertains to domestic and commercial service only. It does not apply to special commercial installations involving relatively high voltage requirements or to industrial installations. For most countries listed here, two nominal voltages are given. The lower voltages are used primarily for lighting and smaller appliances, while the higher voltages are used primarily for air conditioners, heating, and other large appliances. Travelers planning to use or ship appliances abroad should acquaint themselves with the characteristics of the electric supply available in the area in which the appliance is to be used. In some cases, a transformer may be used to correct the voltage. However, if the appliance requires exact timing or speed and if the frequency of the foreign electricity supply differs from the one the appliance was designed for, it is advisable to use an appliance designed for the foreign frequency since auxiliary equipment to change frequency is bulky and expensive. Some foreign hotels have circuits providing approximately 120 volts which allow guests to use electric shavers and other low-wattage U.S. appliances. The information presented here was compiled over a period of months from a large number of sources. Consequently, there is some possibility of errors or omissions for which the Department of Commerce cannot assume responsibility. In addition, this information should not be taken as final in the case of industrial or highly specialized commer