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C Specific heat at constant pressure p D Displacement field D Diffusion coefficient d D Orifice diameter E Electric field E Electron charge F Force G Acceleration due to gravity I Current J Current flux K Conductivity k Boltzmann constant B L Atomizer geometry: length from electrode tip to orifice plane i L Atomizer geometry: length of orifice channel o P Polarization Q Flow rate/Heat flux Q Charge r Atomizer geometry: electrode tip radius p T Time T Temperature U Velocity V Voltage W Energy X Distance Nomenclature (Greek) Thermal expansion coefficient? Permittivity? Permutation operator? ijk Ion mobility? VI Nomenclature Debye length? D? Dynamic viscosity? Mass density Surface tension? T Electrical conductivity?? Timescale? Vorticity Nomenclature (Subscripts) Reference state? o Cartesian tensor notation? ijk Volume density (? per unit volume)? v Surface density (? per unit area)? s Linear density (? per unit length)? l ‘critical’ state? c Bulk mean injection? inj Nomenclature (Superscripts) Time or ensemble averaged? Contents Contents 1 Introduction................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction and Scope.................................................. 1 1.2 Organization.............................................................. 3 2 Electrostatics, Electrohydrodynamic Flow, Coupling and Instability.................................................................. 5 2.1 Electrostatics.............................................................. 5 2.1.1 The Coulomb Force............................................. 5 2.1.2 Permittivity...................................................... 6 2.1.3 Conductors, Insulators, Dielectrics and Polarization........ 6 2.1.4 Gauss’s Law...................................................... 8 2.2 Mobility and Charge Transport........................................ 10 2.2.1 Introduction...................................................... 10