Author Description

Energy and Environmental Law and Policy Series Despite the remarkable scope of EU conservation policy, and notwithstanding 30 years of relevant case law, nature in the EU continues to decline. This comprehensive book, focusing on the EU's core legislation on nature, the Birds and Habitats Directives, presents a detailed summary and analysis of the two directives as interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The book's systematic structure provides the crucial details of a large body of cases decided by the Court following legal actions taken by the European Commission or preliminary references submitted by national courts. It enables a clear procedural understanding of how nature cases are brought before the Court and how the Court approaches matters such as the burden of proof and the entitlement of environmental associations to litigate disputes. Among the salient areas of analysis are the following: the requirements for including sites within Natura 2000, the largest network of protected nature areas in the world; the obligations to conserve Natura 2000 sites and protect them from damage, including through procedural and substantive assessment requirements for plans and projects; requirements concerning unlawful or illegal activities; the strict protection requirements that apply to wild birds and other species, together with related derogation provisions; requirements to protect habitats in the wider countryside and interlinkages between the nature directives and directives on impact assessment, water, and environmental liability; challenges addressed or influenced by the Court, such as defects in Member State transposition, problems of monitoring and enforcing compliance, and dealing with harmful and benign subsidies; procedures used to bring cases to the Court, including direct actions by the Commission a