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Economic science in America, 1776-1876.--The reaction in political economy.--The academic study of political economy.--Ricardo's use of facts.--Some precedents followed by Alexander Hamilton.--The direct tax of 1861.--The new income tax.--Early banking Schemes in England.--The bank of Venice.--Accounts of the first bank of the United States.--Deposits as currency.--The bank-note question.--The safety of the legal tender paper.--the national banking system.--Can we keep a gold currency?--The crisis of 1857.--The crisis of 1860.--State banks in 1860.--The establishment of the national banking system.--The circulation of the national banks, 1865-1900.