The effectiveness of institutional controls at hazardous waste sites is examined to determine how well they protect the public. This report investigates the utilization, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of institutional controls at sites managed by the EPA's Superfund and RCRA programs. It addresses the challenges faced by the EPA in tracking these controls and assesses their role at sites where complete cleanup is not feasible. The review is based on an examination of a sample of 268 sites.

This report provides an assessment of the EPA's strategies for managing hazardous waste sites through institutional controls. The analysis focuses on the practical application and oversight of these measures, highlighting areas where effectiveness could be improved to better safeguard public health. The findings are intended to inform policy and practice regarding residual contamination management.