The central conflict arises when King Richard II faces a political crisis as his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, challenges his authority and claims the throne. Richard II struggles to maintain his divine right to rule against a rising tide of noble discontent and his own perceived inadequacies as a monarch. The narrative follows the king's descent from power, exploring the psychological toll of losing his crown and the shifting loyalties within his court. Written in verse, the play examines the tension between political pragmatism and the traditional concept of kingship.

Readers and critics frequently highlight the lyrical quality of the language and the complex psychological portrait of the titular king. Discussion often centers on the contrast between Richard's poetic sensibilities and his failure to navigate the practical demands of governance. The play is often studied for its examination of political legitimacy and the fragility of authority. Scholars frequently note that the work serves as a pivotal entry point for understanding the broader themes present in the Henriad cycle.