This work investigates why nationalist, racist, and anti-feminist ideologies have gained significant traction following the collapse of socialism in Eastern Europe. Renata Salecl, a philosopher and sociologist, utilizes psychoanalytic theories of fantasy to examine the psychological underpinnings of these extremist movements. By analyzing the sociopolitical landscape of post-communist states, she challenges traditional liberal theories of democracy and proposes a re-evaluation of human rights frameworks. Her analysis is informed by her direct engagement in political activism against both communist and nationalist regimes.

Scholars and political theorists frequently cite this text for its unique synthesis of psychoanalysis and political critique. Readers often note the academic density of the prose, which serves as a foundational text for those studying the intersection of post-socialist transition and identity politics.