The central conflict arises when King Dusyanta encounters the ascetic Sakuntala, leading to a secret marriage that is subsequently jeopardized by a powerful curse and the loss of a token of recognition. Driven by the pursuit of love and the complexities of duty, the protagonist must navigate the social and spiritual hierarchies of ancient Indian society. The narrative follows the couple through a series of trials, including separation, divine intervention, and the eventual restoration of their bond. The play utilizes a structure of seven acts, blending courtly intrigue with the serene atmosphere of a forest hermitage. The narrative framework relies on classical Sanskrit dramatic conventions, incorporating both prose and lyrical verse to convey the emotional states of the characters.

Discussion often centers on the play's sophisticated use of language and its ability to evoke specific emotional states in the audience. Readers frequently highlight the contrast between the rigid social structures of the royal court and the natural, spiritual freedom of the forest setting. Critics often analyze the work's historical impact on Western literature, noting how its initial translation influenced major figures like Goethe. The text is widely regarded as a foundational piece of world literature that balances intricate poetic form with universal themes of love and loss. Scholars continue to examine the play's role in defining the aesthetic principles of classical Indian drama.