The central conflict arises when the foundling Tom Jones is expelled from the estate of his benefactor, Squire Allworthy, forcing him to navigate the complexities of 18th-century English society to prove his worth and reclaim his place. Tom Jones seeks to secure his future and win the hand of the virtuous Sophia Western while contending with the machinations of the hypocritical Blifil. His path is obstructed by rigid class structures, moral gatekeepers, and his own impulsive nature. The narrative employs a third-person omniscient perspective, frequently breaking the fourth wall to provide philosophical commentary on the events unfolding within the picaresque framework.

Readers frequently highlight the wit and irony embedded in the narrator's voice as a defining characteristic of the work. Discussion often centers on the balance between the protagonist's moral failings and his inherent good nature, which complicates the reader's assessment of his character. Critics often point to the intricate plotting and the masterful use of coincidence that drives the narrative toward its resolution. The book is widely regarded for its vivid portrayal of the social landscape of its time, offering a blend of humor and social commentary that remains a subject of academic study.