This work investigates the historical premise that early human civilization was matriarchal and that women have been the primary architects of cultural and social development. Elizabeth Gould Davis, a librarian and researcher, utilizes a wide array of archaeological, mythological, and historical sources to challenge traditional patriarchal narratives. She argues that the suppression of women's history has obscured their foundational role in the advancement of human society.

Critics and scholars often note that the book serves as a provocative counter-narrative to traditional history, though many point to its unconventional use of evidence. It remains a significant text within the history of feminist thought for its bold attempt to reclaim a female-centered historical perspective.