This book investigates why some multi-ethnic communities in India remain peaceful while others succumb to recurring communal violence. Ashutosh Varshney, a professor of political science, utilizes a comparative framework to analyze the role of civic engagement in mitigating ethnic conflict. By examining the structural differences between integrated and segregated social networks, the author argues that institutionalized inter-communal ties are the primary defense against the escalation of political tensions into violence.

Experts frequently cite this work as a foundational text for understanding the micro-foundations of ethnic conflict and the importance of civil society in democratic stability. Readers often note the rigorous academic methodology and the clarity with which the author distinguishes between different types of social integration.