Author Description

Enlightenment's Frontier is the first book to investigate the environmental roots of the Scottish Enlightenment. What was the place of the natural world in Adam Smith's famous defense of free trade? Fredrik Albritton Jonsson recovers the forgotten networks of improvers and natural historians that sought to transform the soil, plants, and climate of Scotland in the eighteenth century. The Highlands offered a vast outdoor laboratory for rival liberal and conservative views of nature and society. But when the improvement schemes foundered toward the end of the century, northern Scotland instead became a crucible for anxieties about overpopulation, resource exhaustion, and the physical limits to economic growth. In this way, the rise and fall of the Enlightenment in the Highlands sheds new light on the origins of environmentalism. This is the first book to explore the environmental foundation of the Scottish Enlightenment. Such a perspective sheds new light on one of the great problems of social theory: What are the causes and limits of economic development? The first part of the book recounts how natural historians turned Highland Scotland into a practical laboratory and internal frontier after 1745. They sought to make northern Scotland into a cornucopia by transforming local ecosystems, soils, and even the climate itself. They also promoted maximum population growth by advocating a new standard of minimal subsistence based on spade husbandry. But these projects provoked political controversy as well as unintended social consequences. The second section shows how conservative and liberal improvers clashed over the fit between the environment and the social order. Adam Smith's defense of free markets presumed an ideal order of self-regulating natural systems whereas his critics stressed the need for human expertise and government to regulate fragile environments. These two rival ecologies of development have left a deep mark on the history of capitalism and conser