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Machine Generated Contents Note: 1.1.darwin's Theory Of Evolution -- 1.2.criticisms Of Darwin's Theory -- 1.3.evolution By Discontinuous Variation -- 1.4.mutationism -- 1.5.neo-darwinism -- 1.6.neomutationism Or Mutation-driven Evolution -- 1.7.survival Of The Fittest And Survival Of The Niche-filling Variants -- 2.1.backgrounds -- 2.2.allele Frequency Changes As The Basic Process Of Evolution -- Mutation -- Natural Selection With Constant Fitness -- Mutation-selection Balance -- Balanced Polymorphism -- Natural Selection For Multiple Loci -- 2.3.difficulties Of Defining And Estimating Selection Coefficients -- Estimates Of Selection Coefficients And Their Reliability -- Fluctuation Of Selection Coefficients -- General Considerations -- 2.4.stochastic Changes Of Allele Frequencies -- Probability Of Fixation Of Mutant Alleles -- Equilibrium Distribution Of Allele Frequencies -- Effective Population Size And Sampling Errors Of Allele Frequencies --^ Random Errors Caused By Fluctuation Of Selection Coefficients -- 2.5.mutation And Standing Genetic Variation -- Artificial And Natural Selection In Quantitative Characters -- Evolution Of Drug Resistance -- 2.6.classical And Balance Theories Of Maintenance Of Genetic Variation -- Genetic Load -- Number Of Alleles That Can Be Maintained In Finite Populations -- 2.7.natural Selection As A Creative Force -- 2.8.summary -- 3.1.modifier Genes -- Evolution Of Dominance -- Modification Of Linkage Intensity -- 3.2.fisher's Fundamental Theorem Of Natural Selection -- 3.3.cost Of Natural Selection And Fertility Excess Required -- 3.4.shifting Balance Theory Of Evolution -- 3.5.accumulation Of Nonfunctional And Deleterious Mutations -- Y Chromosomes -- Nonfunctional Mutations In Duplicate Genes -- Deleterious Mutations And Muller's Ratchet -- 3.6.bottleneck Effects And Genetic Variability -- 3.7.beanbag Genetics And Evolution -- 3.8.summary -- 4.1.early Studies Of Molecular Evolution --^ 4.2.neutral Evolution At The Protein Level --