This work investigates the persistent, often concealed presence of theological frameworks within the secular discipline of anthropology. Khaled Furani, an anthropologist, examines how the field's Enlightenment-era foundations have historically attempted to distance themselves from religious thought while simultaneously relying on theological concepts to define human nature and social redemption. By analyzing the biographical and intellectual histories of the American, British, and French traditions, the author argues that theology is not an external enemy to be purged, but an inherent component that can be utilized for critical self-reflection and disciplinary renewal.

Scholars in the fields of anthropology and religious studies frequently note the dense, interdisciplinary nature of Furani's prose. Experts highlight this text as a significant contribution to the ongoing debate regarding the secular assumptions embedded within modern social sciences.