The narrative follows the turbulent life and social ascent of Peregrine Pickle, a mischievous and often arrogant protagonist whose pursuit of status and romantic conquest drives the plot. Driven by a desire for wealth and social standing, Peregrine navigates the rigid hierarchies of 18th-century British society while frequently clashing with his family and rivals. His actions are dictated by a volatile temperament and a penchant for elaborate practical jokes that often result in social or financial ruin for those around him. The narrative framework utilizes a third-person omniscient perspective to provide a broad view of the various social strata Peregrine encounters.

Readers and critics often identify this work as a quintessential example of the picaresque novel, noting its sprawling, episodic nature and sharp wit. Discussion frequently centers on the protagonist's lack of traditional moral growth, which serves as a vehicle for Smollett's broader social satire. Scholars highlight the effectiveness of the author's characterization of the naval figures, who provide a distinct contrast to the refined but hypocritical society of the landed gentry. The pacing is recognized as uneven due to the inclusion of interpolated stories, yet these sections are often praised for their contribution to the overall atmosphere of the period.