This book investigates the boundary between legitimate archaeological science and the persistent influence of pseudoscientific claims regarding human history. Kenneth Feder, a professor of anthropology, utilizes his extensive academic background to dissect popular myths—such as Atlantis, ancient astronauts, and fraudulent artifacts—by applying the scientific method and critical thinking. He argues that understanding how we know what we know is as important as the archaeological findings themselves, providing a framework for readers to evaluate extraordinary claims about the past.

Experts frequently cite this work as a foundational text for undergraduate archaeology courses due to its clear, accessible approach to critical thinking. Readers often note the balance between rigorous scientific explanation and the engaging, debunking tone used to address popular misconceptions.