Argan, a wealthy hypochondriac, attempts to control his daughter's future by marrying her to a medical student, triggering a series of deceptions orchestrated by his clever servant. Driven by his obsession with health and his reliance on incompetent physicians, Argan seeks to secure a permanent medical advisor through his daughter Angélique's marriage. His plans are thwarted by the interference of his servant Toinette, his brother Béralde, and the romantic aspirations of Angélique and her suitor Cléante. The narrative unfolds through a series of farcical encounters and disguises, culminating in a theatrical resolution that exposes the greed of those surrounding the protagonist. The play utilizes the structure of a comedy-ballet to balance biting social commentary with physical humor.

Readers and critics frequently highlight the play as a sharp, enduring critique of medical arrogance and human gullibility. Discussion often centers on the character of Toinette, who serves as the moral and intellectual anchor amidst the absurdity of the other characters. The pacing is noted for its rapid, farcical energy that keeps the audience engaged despite the play's age. Scholars often point to the irony of Molière writing this comedy while his own health was failing, adding a layer of poignancy to the satire. The work remains a staple of theatrical study for its mastery of comedic timing and its effective use of social archetypes.