The biological cell became a dominant metaphor in nineteenth-century Western society, influencing scientific, political, and literary thought. Laura Otis examines how advancements in microscopy during the 1830-1930 period, coupled with cultural shifts emphasizing individuality, led to the widespread acceptance of cell and germ theory. The concept of the cell membrane, and its potential for penetration, served as a potent metaphor for both liberal and conservative ideologies. This exploration reveals unexpected links between diverse fields such as germ theory, colonialism, and detective fiction, ultimately highlighting the rise of selfhood as defined by distinct individual boundaries.

In "Membranes," Laura Otis provides a scholarly analysis of how the biological cell transformed into a significant metaphor during the nineteenth century. The book is recognized for its interdisciplinary approach, drawing connections between scientific advancements, political ideologies, and literary representations. Critics have noted its insightful exploration of how the concept of boundaries, both biological and social, shaped understandings of individual identity. The work is considered a valuable contribution to the history of science and cultural studies, offering a nuanced perspective on the interplay between scientific discovery and societal thought.