This work investigates the fundamental question of whether a distinct, unified cultural identity exists across the diverse societies of sub-Saharan Africa. Jacques J. Maquet, a noted anthropologist with extensive field experience in Rwanda and across the continent, utilizes a structuralist framework to analyze social, political, and economic systems. He argues that despite immense geographic and linguistic variety, a coherent 'Africanity' emerges from shared historical experiences, social organizations, and value systems that distinguish the region from other global civilizations.

Scholars frequently cite this text as a foundational contribution to the study of African social structures and cultural unity. While some modern critics point to the limitations of structuralist approaches, the book remains a significant reference for understanding the historical context of African identity.