This work investigates the intellectual and cultural shifts that defined the Enlightenment era, questioning how scientific advancement and secular philosophy dismantled traditional medieval structures. Preserved Smith, a noted historian of the early twentieth century, utilizes a vast array of primary source documents and philosophical treatises to construct his argument. He posits that the period between 1687 and 1776 represents a critical transition toward modern rationalism and individual autonomy. The text synthesizes political, religious, and scientific developments to illustrate the emergence of a new worldview.

Historians frequently cite this work as a classic, comprehensive survey of the intellectual climate of the eighteenth century. Readers often note the academic density of the prose, which reflects the scholarly standards of its time of publication.