This volume investigates the historical, medical, and anthropological significance of trepanation, a surgical practice involving the drilling or scraping of holes into the human skull. The authors, C. U. M. Smith, Robert Arnott, and Stanley Finger, synthesize archaeological evidence and historical records to examine the evolution of this procedure from prehistoric times to the modern era. By analyzing the physical remains of skulls and the development of specialized surgical tools, the text provides a comprehensive framework for understanding why ancient societies performed such invasive operations.

Experts recognize this work as a foundational academic resource for those interested in the history of neurosurgery and ancient medical practices. Readers frequently note the scholarly density of the prose and the thoroughness of the evidence presented.