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Excerpt from Proceedings: Seepage Symposium, Phoenix, Arizona, February 19-21, 1963 The usual causes of leakage are permeable soils or very shallow soils over fractured bedrock in the bottom and/or banks of the basins. In Resource Area No. 6 the seepage problem is associated with the widespread occurrence of a volcanic ash material. Coarse textured, highly permeable soils are the principal cause of seepage in Resource Areas Nos. 7, 18, 27, and 30. In Hawaii the principal cause of seepage is the strongly aggregated clay soils that have extremely high coefficients of permeability. Several methods of lining and sealing have been tried. Concrete and pneumatically applied mortar linings have been successful, but because of the high initial cost generally have been used only in small overnight irrigation reservoirs. Asphalt plank linings have been used successfully in Hawaii, both for stock-water ponds and small irrigation reser voirs. Their use has been limited due to the cost. Bentonite linings are probably the most extensively used method of sealing ponds and small reservoirs in the Western region, excluding Hawaii. These linings, when properly designed and applied, have been generally successful. Blankets of clay or other fine-textured soil have proven to be a successful method for small areas of exposed bedrock or other material. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state o